How a multidimensional ecology education approach can enhance college curricula to implement the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

Table 1 Summary of the strength of connections between SDGs 13–15 and 4DEE curricular dimensions

4DEE Curricular Dimensions	SDG 13 Climate Action	SDG 14 Life under Water	SDG 15 Life on Land	Combined
Core Ecological Concepts (CEC)	26/70 = 37.1%**	38/70 = 54.3%**	38/105 = 36.2%**	102/245 = 41.6%**
Ecology Practices (EP)	30/70 = 42.9%**	47/70 = 67.1%***	61/105 = 58.1%**	138/245 = 56.3%**
Human-Environment Interactions (HEI)	29/40 = 72.5%***	33/40 = 82.5%***	52/60 = 86.7%***	114/140 = 81.4%***
Cross-Cutting Themes (CCT)	12/40 = 30.0%*	35/40 = 87.5%***	32/60 = 53.3%**	79/140 = 56.4%**
Combined	97/220 = 44.1%**	153/220 = 69.5%***	183/330 = 55.5%**	433/770 = 56.2%**

Total # of subcategories for SDG 13 = 10, for SDG 14 = 10 and for SDG 15 = 15. Total # of sub-categories for the 4DEE dimensions are CEC = 7, EP = 7, HIE = 4, CCT = 4
Each fraction represents the number of connections divided by the number possible ? followed by the percentage. The strength of linkage was defined as follows: 0?4.9% - no linkage, *5?33.3% - linkage present, **33.4?66.6% - good linkage, ***66.7% - 94.9% - strong linkage, **** > 95% - very strong linkage

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