Fig. 3
Major stages of carbon emissions in renewables (a) CO2 emissions from Commercial PV modules (adapted from IEA, 2021) (b) Emissions (CO2-e) from wind energy harvesting (data adapted from [77,78,79,80,81,82,83] (c) Emissions from hydro compared with other renewables (data adapted from [84]) (d) GHG emissions tracking from biomass such as soybean, canola, carinata and tallow (reused with permission from [85])