Fig. 2

a Schematic timeline of energy transition and global initiatives from 1990 to 2023, here NDC means Nationally Determined Contributions (b) Consumption of fossil fuels from 1800 to 2023 and their projected depletion in years (data used under CC license from [16]and [17] Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy (2023); Vaclav Smil (2017)) (c) Global warming anomaly (data obtained from [16] and [18, 19]) (d) % share of renewables equivalent installed in major marketable countries. (All data used and analyzed were obtained from [20] and Ember's European Electricity Review; Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy [21], curated and filtered) (e) % of electricity contributed from renewables in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Africa, Asia, Australia, China, Europe, India, UK and Us (Note: Europe includes majorly Germany, Spain, UK and Finland)