Fig. 1
From: SDG 12 needs an oceanic interface: sand mining, saltwater intrusion (SWI) and coastal sustainability
Range of expected salinity intrusion changes in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Present and projected peak saline water intrusion (2 PSU contour lines) under scenarios of climate change (SLR and discharge variation under RCP scenarios), groundwater extraction-induced subsidence (M2 & B2) [35] and riverbed level incision due to sediment starvation (RB1 & RB3) laid over the digital elevation map of the VMD; [36] RCP4.5 + M2 + RB1 (moderate scenarios all drivers) defines a scenario with climate change-driven discharge variation and sea level rise combined with M2 land subsidence and RB1 riverbed level incision (likewise for scenarios all drivers); the surface water numerical model domain and the provincial map of the VMD (coord. system WGS84-UTM 48 N); Monthly variation of cumulative discharge in Kratie with mean and the envelope in gray (a) and monthly averaged water level in Binh Dai with the envelope in gray (b); Estuarine branches (c)