Table 1 Examples of maintenance in the use of plant foods after migration; references are in brackets

Cucumis sativus L.

Zea mays L.

Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.

Polygonum aff. cymosum Trevir.

For Hmong from Vietnam in the US [22]

Piper nigrum L.

Capsicum annuum L.

Allium sativum L.

Allium cepa var. cepa

For Vietnamese in the US [59]

Capsicum spp.

Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.

Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants

Piper auritum Kunth

Amaranthus sp.

Chenopodium album L.

For cultivated plants in Mexican homegardens in the US [24]

Momordica charantia L.

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.

For cultivated plants in Chinese homegardens in the US [24]

Artemisia absinthium L.

For Haitians in Cuba, even with difficulties associated with cultivation [60]

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai

Cucumis melo L.

Dioscorea alata L.

Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

Sesamum indicum L.

Tamarindus indica L.

Plants associated with the African diaspora in Colombia [61]

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

Amaranthus viridis L.

After African diaspora in tropical America [27]

Sonchus oleraceus L.

For Polish migrants in Argentina, as the only species known from their country of origin [62]

Allium cepa L.

Allium sativum L.

Anethum graveolens L.

Brassica oleracea L.

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck

Cucurbita spp.

Daucus carota L.

Linum usitatissimum L.

Mentha x piperita L.

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss

Piper nigrum L.

Prunus domestica L.

Solanum tuberosum L.

Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze

Coffea arabica L.

For Polish migrants in Argentina [63]

Reseda alba L.

For Greeks in Italy [64]

Tamus communis L.

For Slavic people in Italy, use of shoots in sauces and pasta [65]

Papaver rhoeas L.

Vicia faba L.

Cichorium intybus L.

Synapsis spp

Scolymus hispanicus L.

For Albanians in Italy, who use these species for unique Albanian dishes [66]

Zea mays L.

Annona muricata L.

Mangifera indica L.

Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum (Willd.) Eshbaugh

Solanum tuberosum L.

Peumus boldus Molina

Linum usitatissimum L.

Hordeum vulgare L.

Ruta graveolens L.

Matricaria chamomilla L.

Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC.

Mentha x piperita L.

For Peruvians in Italy; maintaining the importation of some species which can be found in Italy and some mixtures [67]

Tanacetum vulgare L.

Veronica allionii Vill.

For Waldensian communities in Italy, which can have contributed to the cultural spread of the use of recreational teas from British and Northern/Central European customs [34]

Foeniculum vulgare Mill

Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link

Mentha spicata L.

Overlap with Arabic names for Maronites of Cyprus [35]

Amaranthus hibridus L.

Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.

Arachis hypogaea L.

Basella alba L.

Bidens pilosa L.

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.

Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl.

Cleome gynandra L.

Colocasia esculenta L. (Schott)

Corchorus olitorius L.

Crotalaria brevidens Benth.

Cucurbita ficifolia Wall.

Cucurbita moschata Duchesne

Dioscorea bulbifera L.

Dovyalis abyssinica (A.Rich.) Warb.

Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.

Erucastrum arabicum Fisch. and C.A.Mey.

Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet

Launaea cornuta (Hochst. Ex Oliv. and Hiern) C. Jeffrey

Mangifera indica Wall

Manihot esculenta Crantz

Medicago sativa L.

Mondia whitei (Hook. f.) Skeels

Musa acuminata Colla

Pennisetum glaucum L.

Persea americana Mill.

Portulaca oleracea L.

Saccharum officinarum L.

Sesamum sp.

Solanum nigrum complex

Solanum tuberosum L.

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

Symphytum uplandicum Nyman

Urtica massaica Mildbr

Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

Species related to rural–urban transfers of people of eight ethnic groups: Kikuyu, Luo, Luhya, Kisii, Maasai, Kamba, Sabaot, and Turkana in an urban setting in Kenia [68]

Mentha aquatica L.

Chenopodium album ssp. album

Polygonum cognatum Meisn.

Portulaca oleracea L.

Internal migrants in Turkey, who keep names and uses of food plants [69]

Rumex acetosella L.

Prunus spinosa L.

Armoracia rusticana G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Schreb.

Crataegus spp.

Viburnum opulus L.

For Molokans (international refugees) in Azerbaidjan [70]

Fagus sp.

Viburnum sp.

Amaranthus sp.

Armoracia sp.

Humulus sp.

Urospermum spp.

Wild food plants used exclusively by Molokans in Armenia when compared to other groups in the same region (Armenians, Greeks, Yazdis) [71]

Tradescantia zebrina Bosse

Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss.

For Hmong from China in Thailand [72]

Chenopodium sp.

Lepidium sp.

Lamium sp.

Malva sp.

Medicago sp.

Portulaca sp.

Rumex sp.

Stellaria sp.

For Afghan refugees in Pakistan, mainly plants found in anthropogenic environments [73]

Agasyllis latifolia (M. Bieb.) Boiss.

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm

Heracleum spp.

For Bats from Ingushetia and Chechnya in Georgia, possibly related to their pastoralist traditions [74]