Fig. 5From: Harnessing the energy transition from total dependence on fossil to renewable energy in the Arabian Gulf region, considering population, climate change impacts, ecological and carbon footprints, and United Nations’ Sustainable Development GoalsHumanity’s (global) ecological footprint (EFP) in billion global hectares (bgha) over a period of 40 years (1961–2001) [110, 111]Back to article page