From: Evaluating net community benefits of integrating nature within cities
Impacts (Benefits ‘+’ and Costs ‘-‘ as indicated) | Building Scale Elements | Neighbourhood Scale Elements | City Scale Elements | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | ||||||||||
Indoor & atrium vegetation | Green Roofs | Green Walls (Internal & External) | Green verges, green streets, greenways, street trees, walk-ways | Green islands, pocket parks, vacant land | Other outdoor lot level lawns, gardens, trees | Green corridors, buffer zones; public areas | Urban gardens & farming | Green Waterways & water sensitive design | ||||||||||
ECONOMIC | ||||||||||||||||||
 ▪ Tourism revenues | + |  | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | + | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Water availability, security, groundwater |  | + |  | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Soil and other natural resource demands |  |  |  | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Recreational/discretionary time availability |  |  |  | + | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Property values, retail, other related revenue | + |  | + | + |  | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Worker productivity and returns | ++ | + | + |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||||||
 ▪ Resources for health care | ++ | + |  | + | + | + |  | + |  | |||||||||
 ▪ Energy demands, productivity security | + | + | + | + | + | + |  | + | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Food production and security |  |  |  |  |  | + | + | ++ | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Water demands, productivity, | – |  |  | + | – | + | – | + | – | + | + | – | + | |||||
 ▪ Damage costs to infrastructure |  | + | – | + | – | + | – | + | – |  | + | – |  | ++ | ||||
 ▪ Pests and disease | + | – |  | + | – | + | – | + | – | + | – | + | – | + | – | + | – | |
ECOSPHERE HEALTH | ||||||||||||||||||
 ▪ Broad-scale ecosystem vitality |  | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | + | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Biological and genetic diversity |  | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | + | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Broad-scale pollution management functions |  | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | + | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Pollination, growth, health of plant species | + | + | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | + | ++ | |||||||||
INDIVIDUAL PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH (AESTHETIC, SPIRITUAL, ECO-PSYCHOLOGICAL) | ||||||||||||||||||
 ▪ Pollution-related mitigation | ++ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Wellbeing from immersion in nature | ++ | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | + | ++ | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Other aesthetic, spiritual, inspirational value | ++ | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Mood and well-being | + |  | + | ++ | + | ++ | + | ++ | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Exercise-related effects |  |  |  | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Ill-health recovery time | + |  |  | + | + | + |  | + | + | |||||||||
URBAN QUALITY OF LIFE, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY | ||||||||||||||||||
 ▪ Microclimate changes | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | + | + | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Noise pollution abatement | + | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | + | + |  | |||||||||
 ▪ Waste/ pollution detox, filtering, composting | ++ | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Other effects on urban environments | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Enhanced soils, urban ecosystem vitality |  |  |  | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Water supply quantity, security, quality |  | + |  | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Health, safety, resource savings and welfare |  |  |  | + | + | + | + | + | ++ | |||||||||
URBAN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CAPITAL | ||||||||||||||||||
 ▪ Nature-based cultural identification |  | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Sociocultural capital, knowledge economies | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Social capital-building, interaction, trust |  |  |  | + | ++ | + | + | ++ | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Spiritual, cultural, historical and heritage |  |  |  | + | + | + | ++ | + | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Ornamental, culturally significant resources | + | + | + | + | + | + | ++ | + | + | |||||||||
URBAN VITALITY AND EXPERIENCE | ||||||||||||||||||
 ▪ Urban vitality, environment, experience | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | + | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Associated economic quality of life benefits | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | + | ++ | |||||||||
 ▪ Efficiency, speed, access - transport networks |  |  |  | + | + | + | ++ | + | + | |||||||||
 ▪ Traffic calming, incidences |  |  |  | + | + | + | ++ | + | + |